What is the best way to get the first few post from WordPress in different divs using a loop?

Use this code for the loop. I removed your comments and added some for clarification.

<?php
if ( have_posts() ) {

    // Do first post.

    add_filter( 'the_content', 'narga_excerpts' );
    add_filter( 'the_content', 'remove_first_image' );

    the_post();
    get_template_part( 'content', get_post_format() );


    // Do remaining posts.

    remove_filter( 'the_content', 'narga_excerpts' );
    remove_filter( 'the_content', 'remove_first_image' );

    while ( have_posts() ) {
        the_post();
        get_template_part( 'content', get_post_format() );
    }
}
?>
    </div>
</div>
<?php

// Add remove filter first image.
function remove_first_image( $content ) {
    return preg_replace( '/<img[^>]+\>/i', '', $content, 1 );
}

You didn’t give enough details on the <div>s you want to wrap the posts with, so I left that part off. I also removed the function definition in the loop. Place your functions at the bottom of the file.