Why I can’t modified jetpack default blank.jpg on og:image?

You made that way more complicated than it needs to be.

add_filter( 'jetpack_open_graph_image_default', 'example_change_default_image' );
function example_change_default_image( $image ) {
    return 'https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg';
}

Just edit the function to return whatever URL you want.