wp_remote_get() and javascript/noscript situation

This result is expected since wp_get_remote() doesn’t include a Javascript engine.

It should give you the same result as the View Source option in your browser and fetch the plain HTML document.

It looks like the page your are trying to fetch, is loading a Javascript file, in the header tag, to render the content:

<html>
    <head>
        <script src="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/js/load-content.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <noscript>Your browser doesn't support Javascript!</noscript>
    </body>
</html>

So you should get both the script and the noscript part.

What you are looking for is called headless browsing.

If you want to run the Javascript, you might want to take a look at solutions like: PhantomJS

PhantomJS is a headless WebKit scriptable with a JavaScript API.

[…] One major use case of PhantomJS is headless testing of web
applications. It is suitable for general command-line based testing,
within a precommit hook, and as part of a continuous integration
system.

There exists many test frameworks for PhantomJS, like Jasmine, Mocha and QUnit.

Alternatively: Try to load the Javascript file with wp_remote_get() and see if you can extract the content that way 😉