Custom theme sufficient or custom plugin neccessary for this feature set?

WordPress will not automatically provide these features. From what you are describing, you will want to create custom post types, a taxonomy or two for classification and custom fields for the post types.

You COULD build all of this into a WordPress theme but the generally advised approach is to wrap your functionality into one or more plugins.

There is not a great deal of difference in the code you would write for this but plugins are independent of themes and provide more flexibility in that separation.

You will find plenty of good resources on crafting a plugin for WP:
https://codex.wordpress.org/Writing_a_Plugin

Registering new post types:
https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/register_post_type

Custom fields:
https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/register_taxonomy

… and specific questions or sticking points are welcome in a Q&A form on WPSE.

Good luck!

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