Get full image array

The “full array” is constructed by Advanced Custom Fields from various sources. It’s not a format that occurs natively in WordPress.

If you want to output an image tag for an image with all the correct attributes, just use the ID with wp_get_attachment_image(). That returns an HTML <img> tag with the src, width, height, alt, srcset, sizes and class all populated. You can add or change attributes to the tag using the 4th argument:

echo wp_get_attachment_image(
    $attachment_id,
    'large',
    false
    [
        'class'          => 'custom-class',
        'data-attribute' => 'custom-attribute-value',
    ]
);

To be honest, if your goal is to ultimately get an <img> tag, then even with ACF you should return an ID and use this function.