How can I remove these options from the dashboard?

You can use the remove_menu_page function from the admin_menu action.

An example for you would be to add this to your functions file (this will remove those menu links for you as well).

function remove_menus() {

    remove_menu_page( 'options-general.php' );
    remove_menu_page( 'profile.php' );

}

add_action( 'admin_menu', 'remove_menus' );

If you need to be more specific to a user group, or an individual user (or exclude a user) you can use things like current_user_can or get_current_user_id to be more specific.