<div id="filtering-nav">
<a href="#" class="filter-btn"><span>Filter</span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#all" class="all">All</a></li>
<?php $args=array('orderby' => 'name','taxonomy'=>'galleries');
$galleries=get_categories($args);
foreach($galleries as $gallery){ ?>
<li><a href="<?php echo get_category_link( $gallery->term_id ) ; ?>" class="<?php echo $gallery->gallery_nicename; ?>"><?php echo $gallery->name; ?></a></li>
<?php } ?>
</ul>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
When you pass argument to get_categories function , you need to pass name of taxonomy as taxonomy parameter to retrieve taxonomy instead of categories…
Here is complete reference..
http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_categories
Compare your code to below, you are missing taxonomies in args in register post type and rewrite slug in custom taxonomy arg. Below code is working perfectly.
$custom_slug = get_option('slug') != '' ? get_option('slug') : 'portfolio';
$args = array(
'labels' => array(
'name' => __('Portfolio'),
'singular_name' => __('Portfolio Project'),
'add_new' => __('Add Project'),
'add_new_item' => __('Add Project'),
'new_item' => __('Add Project'),
'view_item' => __('View Project'),
'search_items' => __('Search Portfolio'),
'edit_item' => __('Edit Project'),
'all_items' => __('Complete Portfolio'),
'not_found' => __('No Projects found'),
'not_found_in_trash' => __('No Projects found in Trash')
),
'taxonomies' => array('portfolio-categories', 'portfolio-clients', 'portfolio-tags'),
'public' => true,
'show_ui' => true,
'_builtin' => false,
'_edit_link' => 'post.php?post=%d',
'capability_type' => 'post',
'rewrite' => array('slug' => __($custom_slug)),
'hierarchical' => false,
'menu_position' => 20,
'menu_icon' => WP_PLUGIN_URL . '/portfolio/images/icon.jpg',
'supports' => array('title', 'editor')
);
/** create portfolio categories (taxonomy) */
register_taxonomy('portfolio-categories', 'project', array(
'hierarchical' => true,
'show_ui' => true,
'rewrite' => array('slug' => __($custom_slug . '/category')),
'labels' => array(
'name' => __('Portfolio Categories'),
'singular_name' => __('Portfolio Category'),
'search_items' => __('Search Portfolio Categories'),
'popular_items' => __('Popular Portfolio Categories'),
'all_items' => __('All Portfolio Categories' ),
'parent_item' => __('Parent Portfolio Category'),
'parent_item_colon' => __('Parent Portfolio Category'),
'edit_item' => __('Edit Portfolio Category'),
'update_item' => __('Update Portfolio Category'),
'add_new_item' => __('Add New Portfolio Category'),
'new_item_name' => __('New Portfolio Category'),
'separate_items_with_commas' => __('Separate Portfolio Categories with commas'),
'add_or_remove_items' => __('Add or remove Portfolio Categories'),
'choose_from_most_used' => __('Choose from the most used Portfolio Categories')
)
));
/** create new custom post type */
register_post_type('portfolio', $args);