How to integrate single and archive templates for custom post type in any WordPress theme

Is there a way to use for example single.php base structure overriding
only the inner content?

The main content of pages and posts is output using the the_content() function. This can be filtered and changed by plugins using the the_content filter. However this only outputs the content entered into body of the editor. It does not include the title, sidebars, metaboxes, widgets, comments or any other content. This is the closest you will get. The output and structure of everything else is entirely up to the theme, and there’s no standardisation.

So for anything more than filtering the content there is simply not enough mandated consistency between WordPress themes for something like this to be feasible.