Is it possible to change image urls by hooks?

As you want to change (use different) URL for featured image only, you can use pre_option_upload_url_path hook.

// Setting the uploads directory URL
function wpse_change_featured_img_url() {
  return 'http://www.example.com/media/uploads';
}
add_filter( 'pre_option_upload_url_path', 'wpse_change_featured_img_url' );

This hook will not change URLs permanently but it will set uploads directory to some different URL temporally.

This will also not change URL of post images, you will have to change them manually or with SQL query.

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