Is the information returned by get_bloginfo( ‘version’ ) always the same as the one in version.php?

Mostly it is the same, but sometimes its not.

The edge case is when a core upgrade is being done. At that point the version in memory is going to be of the “old” version while the file version might be (depending where you are in the upgrade process) the new one.

This is a very remote edge case and as maintenance mode kicks in when upgrade is done it is very unlikely that a plugin or theme will run in to it.