Made Custom Post Types, but single.php not working

The admin-init hook only fires on admin screens. The correct hook to use for registering post types is init.

So change:

add_action( 'admin_init', 'smoelenboek' );

… to …

add_action( 'init', 'smoelenboek' );

… and flush your rewrite rules once (save permalink settings in admin) and all should be well.