Why is my loop not populating the page with my custom taxonomy terms from my custom post type?

You need to specify the post type in argument and need to use the taxonomy tag properly. You can try the following args variable.

$args = array(
        'posts_per_page' => 10,
        'post_type' => 'series', //Specify the post type here
        'paged' => $paged,
        'tax_query' => array(
            array(
                'taxonomy'  => '', //specify the taxonomy name
                'field'     => 'slug',
                'terms'     => '', //Specify the slug of what you want from the taxonomy
                'operator'  => 'IN',
            )
        )
        'orderby'    => 'ID', 
        'order'      => 'DESC'
    );