Retrieve Taxonomy Label

try this:

private function get_taxonomy_by_term_id( $term_id ) {

    // We can't get a term if we don't have a term ID.
    if ( 0 === $term_id || null === $term_id ) {
        return;
    }

    // Grab the term using the ID then read the name from the associated taxonomy.
    $taxName="";
    $term = get_term( $term_id );
    if ( false !== $term ) {
        $taxonomy = $term->taxonomy;
        $taxName = get_taxonomy($taxonomy)->labels->name

    }

    return trim( $taxName );
}

source: https://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_taxonomy