What is the action or filter for changing permalink in Edit Post/Page?

You can use the the_permalink filter to modify permalinks.

Take a look at the function reference for the same.

Code sample from the docs:

Append the query string for the current page to permalink URLs

function append_query_string($url) {
    return add_query_arg($_GET, $url);
}
add_filter('the_permalink', 'append_query_string');

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More information on permalinks:

• Here (StackOverflow)
• Here (Elegant Themes)
• And here (WPSE)