Assign a template to a custom post type when displayed by the main loop on the home page

You are checking the source code of TwentySeventeen’s content.php selectively. The lines you quote are only about printing the publication time in case of a regular post. Directly below your lines the post/page title is printed regardless of post type.

Regarding a) you don’t need to force anything, because as long as there is no specific template for this post type, WP will use the default post template anyway.

Regarding b) you will have to deal with this in a child theme, because that would mean expanding the functionality. You would modify content.php to include an extra test for post type and include formatting for that. In case you want to deal with this in a plugin, the link you give in the update contains a good lead.

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