Headless WordPress + Vue.js on the same server

Yes, it is possible to connect WordPress and Vue without a subdomain. As you’re pulling data via the WP REST API it doesn’t matter where WP is – same or different server, subdomain or subfolder – as long as you know its url.

You could have your Vue related files (e.g. index.html, app.css, and app.js) for example in /public_html and WP installed in /public_html/wp folder. You could then access WP from youdomain.com/wp and your app would be in yourdomain.com.

Mixing WP files and your Vue app files probably isn’t a good idea as WP needs its index.php to function properly. But you could create a theme with just a index.php file in it, which would load your app scripts and the app root (i.e. <div id="app"></div>) element.