Inheritance of parent theme plugin files in a child theme

I have parent theme that has some plugins in it, those plugins are added as a dependency.

You shouldn’t be bundling plugins in themes

In the child theme, I want to override some of the files that belong to those plugins, but it looks like that isn’t working.

Child themes let you override templates, these are not templates, and use require/include to load.

Is this possible at all?

No

Modifying plugins involves either forking them or extending them via actions and filters. As a result, replacing a plugin file in the way you propose is bad practice. Doing it via a child theme is even worse, but luckily that is not possible.

Use actions/hooks/filters instead