Getting taxonomies associated with a specified post type

Yes, you can pass a post type to getEntityRecords() and also getTaxonomies(), both using the same format which is an object of arguments:

Using getEntityRecords():

wp.data.select( 'core' ).getEntityRecords( 'root', 'taxonomy', { type: 'post' } )

Using getTaxonomies(): ( which is actually a shorthand for the above code )
```
wp.data.select( 'core' ).getTaxonomies( { type: 'post' } )
```

See the REST API handbook for the list of accepted arguments: https://developer.wordpress.org/rest-api/reference/taxonomies/

Working example using getTaxonomies()

So this is for a block type with a string attribute named taxonomy (which stores the taxonomy slug), and I’m using useSelect:

function edit( { attributes, setAttributes } ) {
    // just an example which defines a dynamic post type
    const postType = useSelect( select => {
        const { getCurrentPostType } = select( 'core/editor' );
        return getCurrentPostType();
    }, [] );

    // fetch the post type's taxonomies from the REST API, or retrieve them from the cache
    const taxonomies = useSelect( select => {
        const { getTaxonomies } = select( 'core' );
        return getTaxonomies( { type: postType } );
    }, [ postType ] );

    // build the options object for SelectControl - remember that `taxonomies` could be a
    // null if the REST API request hasn't yet been fully resolved
    const options = taxonomies?.map( taxonomy => ( {
        label: `${ taxonomy.name } (${ taxonomy.slug })`,
        value: taxonomy.slug,
    } ) );

    return (
        <div { ...useBlockProps() }>
            <SelectControl
                label="Taxonomy"
                value={ attributes.taxonomy }
                options={ options }
                onChange={ value => setAttributes( { taxonomy: value } ) }
                __nextHasNoMarginBottom
            />
        </div>
    );
}

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