How to filter terms from a custom taxonomy by a usermeta value on all screens and templates

The issue with a taxonomy screen on the admin side is that it isn’t a taxonomy archive. An archive is a collection of posts, a taxonomy admin screen is a collection of terms. The terms on those screens are loaded via get_terms, and the filter to modify those arguments is get_terms_args. Something like this should be able to catch those queries, where you can set the include argument:

function wpa_filter_term_args( $args, $taxonomies ) {
    global $pagenow;
    if( is_admin()
        && 'edit-tags.php' == $pagenow
        && 'q_client' == $taxonomies[0] ){
            // assuming $q_client_terms is an array
            $args['include'] = $q_client_terms; 
    }
    return $args;
}
add_filter( 'get_terms_args', 'wpa_filter_term_args', 10, 2 );