Sleep for milliseconds

Note that there is no standard C API for milliseconds, so (on Unix) you will have to settle for usleep, which accepts microseconds:

Curve curvature in numpy

EDIT: I put together this answer off and on over a couple of hours, so I missed your latest edits indicating that you only needed curvature. Hopefully, this answer will be helpful regardless. Other than doing some curve-fitting, our method of approximating derivatives is via finite differences. Thankfully, numpy has a gradient method that does these difference calculations for us, … Read more

How do I list all files of a directory?

os.listdir() will get you everything that’s in a directory – files and directories. If you want just files, you could either filter this down using os.path: or you could use os.walk() which will yield two lists for each directory it visits – splitting into files and dirs for you. If you only want the top directory you can break the first time it yields or, shorter:

What does ‘git blame’ do?

From git-blame: Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision. When specified one or more times, -L restricts annotation to the requested lines. Example: Please note that git blame does not show the per-line modifications history in the chronological sense. It only … Read more

How to send an email with Python?

I recommend that you use the standard packages email and smtplib together to send email. Please look at the following example (reproduced from the Python documentation). Notice that if you follow this approach, the “simple” task is indeed simple, and the more complex tasks (like attaching binary objects or sending plain/HTML multipart messages) are accomplished very rapidly. For sending email … Read more