Moving WordPress Multisite

The problem is you ran an SQL query to change the site name. Doing this mangled and corrupted values that were serialised by PHP

Instead, use a Search replace script that will grab the values, deserialise, replace then re-serialise. WP CLI has such a command.

The reason for this is that the PHP serialised values contain the length of the URL, and by doing an SQL search replace, they are no longer valid. This breaks WordPress, leading to the problem you have. For this reason, an SQL query in an SQL client will never work.

Since you’ve already done this once on your database, you will need to undo the initial damage before you can run a search replace command via WP CLI