CPT Columns doesn’t show categories

why 'categorias_de_pessoas' => __( 'Categorias' ), doesn’t the show the content within the categories selected to my post? This is a taxonomy called ‘categorias_de_pessoas’.

That issue happened because you did not prepend the taxonomy (or array key or column name) with a taxonomy-. I.e. The correct format is: taxonomy-<taxonomy>. See WP_Posts_List_Table::column_default().

So to fix the issue, use this instead: 'taxonomy-categorias_de_pessoas' => __( 'Categorias' ),

And just wondering, why do you have a post_type column there?.. 🤔