How to configure the output of breadcrumbled CPT UI

The code prints in breadcrumbs – / Taxonomy / Name, how to do what would print Post type / Taxonomy / Name?

If I understood your question correctly, you want to prepend custom post type name to the existing breadcrumb… This modification to your code may help.

function the_breadcrumb() {
     global $post;
     if (!is_front_page()) {
        echo '<li><a href="';
        echo get_option('home');
        echo '">Главная';
        echo "</a></li> ";
        if (is_category() || is_single() || is_tax()) {

             $categories = wp_get_post_terms( $post->ID, "tip" );

             if (empty($categories)) {$categories = get_the_category();}



             //  Add your Post type here

            $postType = get_post_type_object(get_post_type());
            if ($postType) {
                 $post_type_title =  esc_html($postType->labels->singular_name);
                 $post_type_link = get_post_type_archive_link( get_post_type( ) );    

                 echo '<li><a href="'. $post_type_link . '">';
                 echo $post_type_title.'</a></li>';
             }




             // Rest of code ....